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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoPlainText>William:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>You’ll get many different answers depending on who you ask. I find that this method syncs up with the other formulas I use (weight based) the best. A picture makes it easier to describe but I don’t have one, so I measure as follows:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>EA = Effort Arm<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>RA = Resistance Arm<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><u>Key Ea</u> measured from front of key (or touch point if you prefer—the farther in you go the higher the ratio) to center of balance pin hole along the bottom of the key.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><u>Key Ra</u> measured from center of balance pin hole to a line drawn perpendicular from the center of the capstan to the bottom of the key.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>(Key measurements are all taken along the bottom of the key.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><u>Wippen Ea</u> (first draw a line between the wippen center pin and the jack center pin) Ea is measured from the wip center pin to a line perpendicular to the contact point of the wippen heel/capstan contact point along the line you've drawn<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><u>Whip Ra</u> is measured from the wippen center pin to the jack center pin.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><u>Shank Ea</u> is measured from the hammer flange center pin to the center of the knuckle core (measured along the shank) .<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><u>Shank Ra</u> is measured from the hammer flange center pin to the center of the hammer molding (measured along the shank).<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>Example below for this action. Multiply the three independent ratios (.5*1.6*7.35) to get your overall action ratio. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=541 style='width:406.0pt;margin-left:-.75pt;border-collapse:collapse'><tr style='height:12.0pt'><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Ea<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Ra<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Ratio<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=109 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:82.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td></tr><tr style='height:12.0pt'><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Key<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#92D050;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>220<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;background:#92D050;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>110<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:yellow;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>0.50<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=109 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:82.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td></tr><tr style='height:12.0pt'><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Wippen<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#92D050;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>62<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#92D050;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>99<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:yellow;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>1.60<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=109 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:82.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Action Ratio<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr style='height:12.0pt'><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>Shank<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:#92D050;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>17<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#92D050;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>125<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:yellow;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>7.35<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=72 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:.75in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'></td><td width=109 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:82.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:yellow;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Courier'>5.87<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>David Love<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>www.davidlovepianos.com<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>What is the lever arm formula you use?<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText>William R. Monroe<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoPlainText><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>