What I don't like is having strings break when I am pitch raising a piano. There is a definite "feel" to a piano that may break strings and one that will not. If the piano is 1/2 to a whole step flat and it is old and I am insecure about string integrity I will tune it flat and leave a note to myself or the next tuner to leave it flat or bring it up to pitch. The difference in sound between 435 and 440 is non existent but a difference in a half step is. A quarter step is nearly inaudible. I tuned a Yamaha 1/4 step flat for a Charles Ives performance. Then I had to bring it back up. I was unable to hear any appreciate difference in sound, and I was intently listening for a difference. It just didn't happen. So, my only consideration is security of string, plate and piano and the customer's wallet. I do discuss the situation with the customer before proceeding. Also, if possible, I will leave the piano 1/2 or one whole step flat, not in between. Newton
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